A Comprehensive Review on Plant Disease Vectors and Their Management

Plant disease vectors play a critical role in agricultural productivity and ecosystem health. This comprehensive review explores the intricate nature of these vectors and their role in transmitting major plant diseases, including those of viral, bacterial, and fungal origins. It delves into the mechanisms underlying disease transmission, and the significant factors that influence vector efficiency. The socioeconomic and ecological impacts of these vectors are highlighted, with emphasis on crop yield reductions and ecological imbalances. Traditional and emerging vector management methods, such as chemical control, biological control, cultural practices, genetic engineering, and precision agriculture are examined. The review also addresses the challenges inherent to vector management, including resistance development, non-target effects, environmental factors, and socioeconomic barriers. Future perspectives are offered, emphasizing the need for sustainable strategies, exploitation of emerging technologies, enhanced surveillance, community involvement, policy support, and preparation for forthcoming challenges due to climate change, land-use alterations, and global trade. This extensive review presents a critical resource for stakeholders in plant disease vector management, guiding future research directions and policy-making.